Important instruments for Medicine Practical exams Click on the instruments below to read further. Simple rubber catheter Ryle’s tube Foley’s catheter Metered dose inhaler Spacer/Spacehaler Tracheostomy tube AMBU bag Laryngoscope Endotracheal tube Liver biopsy needle Lumbar puncture needle Bone marrow aspiration needle Syringe Tuberculin Syringe Insulin Syringe IV bottle and infusion set Sphygmomanometer Sthethoscope Simple …
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Click on the image to enlarge. -Anuja Mandavkar
Click on the image to enlarge. -Anuja Mandavkar
Click on the image to enlarge. -Anuja Mandavkar
Let’s first understand what it means. ACUTE– transient in nature (rarely leads to renal failure) PROLIFERATIVE– proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells POST– 1-4 weeks after INFECTIOUS– Occurring because of infections like staphy, strept. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS– Inflammation of glomerulus. PATHOGENESIS The basic mechanism which underlies this disease is SUBEPITHELIAL immune complex deposition. So, just let’s go …
Glomerular causes :- Post infectious glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy Henoch-schonlein nephritis Membranoproliferative GN Rapidly progressive GN Uncommon glomerular causes Lupus nephritis. Other vasculitides -microscopic polyangiitis. Familial benign hematuria. Alport syndrome. Non glomerular causes Hypercalciuria. Renal calculi Urinary tract infection Cystic renal disease Hemorrhagic cystitis Trauma, exercise Interstitial nephritis Uncommon non glomerular causes Vascular malformations Coagulation disorders …
I Olfactory II Optic III Occulomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducent VII Facial VIII Auditory IX Glossophharyngeal X Vagus XI Spinal Accessory XII Hypogossal -Zareen Shafqat
Hepatic encephalopathy is due to rise in ammonia levels in blood Etiopathogenesis : Increased ammonia level in blood (Most important) Increase in short chain fatty acids Rise in methionine level Rise in false neurotransmitters like octopamine Increased conversion of tryptophan to inhibitory neurotransmitter serotonin Increased sensitivity of CNS neurones to GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) Increased conversion …